Selasa, 30 Julai 2013

About Bako National Park

BAKO NATIONAL PARK
INTRODUCTION

With its rainforest, abundant wildlife, jungle streams, waterfalls, interesting plant life, secluded beaches, panoramic rocky shoreline, bizarre rock formations and extensive network of trekking trails, Bako National Park offers visitors an excellent introduction to the rainforest and coastline of Borneo. Bako may not have an instantly recognisable star attraction, but there can be very few places in the world that pack so much natural beauty into such a limited area, all just 37 km from Kuching. Its accessibility - and its sheer range of attractions and activities - have made Bako one of the most popular parks in Sarawak.
Gazetted in 1957, Bako is Sarawak’s oldest national park, covering an area of 2,727 hectares at the tip of the Muara Tebas peninsula. It is one of the smallest national parks in Sarawak, yet one of the most interesting, as it contains almost every type of vegetation found in Borneo. The well-maintained network of nature trails - from easy forest strolls to full-day jungle treks – allows visitors to get the most out of this unique environment.

THE RAINFOREST AND OTHER VEGETATION

Bako contains an incredible variety of plant species and vegetation types, and this is one of the park’s great attractions. At Bako it is possible to see almost every type of vegetation found in Borneo. 25 distinct types of vegetation form seven complete eco-systems - Beach Vegetation, Cliff Vegetation, Kerangas or Heath Forest, Mangrove Forest, Mixed Dipterocarp Forest, Padang or Grasslands Vegetation and Peat Swamp Forest. It is easy to explore these eco-systems via the jungle trails. The contrasts are so distinct that you do not have to be a scientist to notice the differences. Furthermore, most of the different vegetation types are found close to the park HQ at Telok Assam.








WILDLIFE

Bako is probably the best place in Sarawak for wildlife experiences. The park has been a protected area since 1957, so the animals are less wary of humans. Visitors, especially those who stay overnight, will have countless opportunities to observe and photograph various types of wildlife.
The best times for seeing wildlife at Bako are just after dawn and just before dusk, when the animals are at their most active. You are more likely to see animals on the trails if you go in small groups, walk slowly, keep as quiet as possible, and listen out for sounds and movements in the forest. For example, you are likely to hear a strange grunting sound or the crash of leaves long before you actually see a proboscis monkey.
Telok Assam, the area around the HQ, is a great place for seeing wildlife. Long-tailed macaques, silvered langurs or leaf-monkeys, common water monitors, plantain squirrels, wild boar and mouse deer are all found here. Watch out for the macaques as they are possibly the most fearless monkeys on earth. They will raid dustbins and kitchens in the resthouses, or scamper into the canteen to steal food or an unguarded bag. Keep all doors locked and never encourage them by offering food. In contrast to the unruly macaques, the silvered leaf-monkey or silvered langur is a docile and attractive creature. Adults have silver-grey fur and a spiky crest of head hair, whilst the infants are covered in bright orange fur.
Bako is also home to approximately 275 rare proboscis monkeys, found only in Borneo. The male is an odd-looking creature, with a huge pendulous nose and a large pot-belly, weighing in excess of 20 kg. Both male and female are covered in reddish-brown fur with grey limbs and a white tail. They are mostly arboreal (tree-dwelling), moving about the forest or mangroves in small groups and feeding on young leaves, shoots, sour fruits and seeds. Although it requires some patience, an encounter with a group of proboscis is likely to be the highlight of your trip to Bako. The best times are early in the morning or in the hours before dusk. Telok Delima and Telok Paku are the best trails for viewing the proboscis. The mangroves at Telok Assam are also a good place for viewing proboscis monkeys.
Otters are delightful creatures to watch, and two species are found at Bako - the oriental small-clawed otter and the hairy-nosed otter. They spend most of their time in the water, feeding on fish, frogs and other small animals. Oriental small-clawed otters are occasionally seen at Sungai Assam, swimming in the river or running across the mud searching for food. Hairy-nosed otters are sometimes seen early in the morning around the mangroves at Telok Assam.
The Bornean bearded pig, Bako’s largest mammal, is distinguished from other wild pigs by prominent bristles either side of its snout. Bearded pigs are often found around the park HQ scavenging for food or wallowing in mud.
The largest of Bako’s many lizard species is the common water monitor, olive green in colour and reaching a length of 2 metres. Young monitors are green with yellow spots and therefore easier to see. They are strong swimmers and can stay submerged for a considerable length of time. Monitors are scavengers, feeding on carrion and occasional live prey. They are often found near the accommodation area or near the boat jetty, scavenging for scraps of food. You may also see their tracks at the park’s beaches.
The small, brownish grey skink or sun lizard is often seen basking on rocks at the beach or scurrying away from the paths. The attractive green crested lizard, common throughout the park, is usually bright green but is capable of changing colour if alarmed. Flying lizards are occasionally seen launching themselves from tree trunks and gliding through the air.
Bako is home to a number of snakes, most of which are harmless. They are well camouflaged, and usually slide off into the undergrowth at the first sign of danger. The grass green whip snake is easily recognised by its bright colour, pencil-thin body and long snout. The paradise tree snake’s black upper body is marked with green spots whilst its underside is yellowy-green with red spots. The only poisonous snake that is occasionally seen is the Wagler’s pit viper that, like all pit vipers, has a broad, flat, triangular head.
Bako is a fascinating place for bird watching, as over 150 species have been recorded here. Although many of these can be seen around the accommodation area, you need to hit the trails to appreciate the full variety of Bako’s bird life. The mangroves at Telok Assam are an excellent place to start. Serious bird watchers should take a good pair of binoculars and the Pocket Guide to the Birds of Borneo, which is widely available in Kuching.
Rock pools and mangroves are good places to search for small animals such as mudskippers and crabs, especially sky-blue fiddler crabs and shell-dwelling hermit crabs. Bako also has its fair share of insects. Watch out for them on the forest floor and hear them everywhere.
Bako’s nocturnal creatures include the flying lemur, pangolin, mouse deer, various bats, tarsier, slow loris and palm civet. If you take a night walk through the forest near the Park HQ you may catch sight of some these creatures, as well as spiders that shine when a flashlight is played on them, glow worms and fireflies, You will certainly hear crickets, cicadas, frogs, and maybe owls. The beach by the park HQ is also a great place for a night walk. If the tide is out you may see crabs, prawns, anemones, starfish, annelid worms and young shrimp in the small pools.






TREKS AND TRAILS

Bako’s extensive trail system is made up of 16 colour-coded jungle trails which offer a range of walking and hiking options. The fit and adventurous can opt for full-day jungle hikes or overnight camping expeditions, whilst those who prefer to take it easy can opt for a relaxing forest walk. The following table provides details of approximate trekking times and distances and the colour codes used in the park.



No.
Trail Name
Trail Length
One Way Time &
Distance From HQ
Colour Code
1.Tanjung Sapi0.5 km30 minutes (0.8 km)White/Red
2Telok Paku0.8 km1 hour (1.2 km)White
3Ulu Assam0.8 km1 1/4 hours (1.4 km)Blue/Red
4Telok Delima0.25 km45 minutes (1 km)Blue/White
5Telok Pandan Besar0.75 km1 hour (1.75 km)Yellow
6Telok Pandan Kecil1.5 km1 1/2 hours (2.5 km)Yellow
7Serait1.25 km1 1/2 hours (2.2 km)White/Yellow
8Lintang5.25 km3 1/2 hours returnRed
9Tajor2.75 km2 1/2 hours (3.5 km)Red/White
10Tanjung Rhu1.8 km2 1/2 hours (4.2 km)Red/Yellow
11Bukit Keruing2.25 km3 1/2 hours (5.5 km)Blue
12Paya Jelutong0.2 km3 1/2 hours (5.7 km)White/Blue
13Bukit Gondol2 km4 1/2 hours (7.7 km)Yellow/White
14Ulu Serait2.75 km3 hours (4.8 km)Blue/Yellow
15Telok Sibur0.8 km3 1/2 hours (5.3 km)Red/Black
16Telok Limau5.75 km7 hours (10 km)Red/Blue
17Telok Kruin1.5 km7 1/4 hours (10.5 km)Blue/Black
18Pa’ Amit (Lakei Island)1.0 km30 minutes (from Base)Orange

The following paragraphs provide brief details of each of trails. If you require further information, please consult the Park Rangers.
1. Tanjung Sapi 2. Telok Paku
A short but steep climb through cliff vegetation. Takes about 30 minutes. Excellent views of Telok Assam, the South China Sea and Santubong. Proboscis monkeys can occasionally be heard crashing amongst the trees, especially early morning.


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Takes about one hour and passes through cliff forest before reaching a small secluded beach. Proboscis monkeys are often seen during early morning or late afternoon. One of the best trails for seeing proboscis monkeys. Move slowly, keep as quiet as possible and listen out for strange grunts or movements in the canopy.

3. Ulu Assam 4. Telok Delima
Passes at first through swamp forest and a flat section where proboscis monkeys are sometimes seen. The trail then climbs steeply and at times you must hang on to tree roots to keep your balance. At the top you are rewarded with breathtaking views of Bako’s coastline. 




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Another excellent trail for spotting proboscis monkeys, and only 45 minutes from park HQ. As the Lintang trail bears right and climbs a small hill you are in prime proboscis territory. Listen out for strange grunting noises or the crash of vegetation. If you hear something, stop, keep as quiet as possible and scan the forest. Try to ‘follow’ the strange noises with your eyes. If you are lucky you may see a harem of proboscis monkeys. 
5. Serait 6. Telok Pandan Kecil & Telok Pandan Besar
This trail takes about one and half hours and ends at the park boundary. It is not frequently used and is somewhat secluded. Good for seeing some of Bako’s rainforest giants.









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The one and a half hour trek to Telok Pandan Kecil is one of Bako’s most popular. It ascends the forested hills overlooking Telok Assam, reaching a plateau covered in scrub vegetation, and continues along a sandy path lined with carnivorous pitcher plants, before reaching a cliff top with stunning views of the secluded bay below and the famous sea stack just offshore. A 10 minute descent through cliff vegetation brings you to one of the best beaches in the park. Whilst swimming, watch out for monkeys who steal unguarded bags. The Telok Pandan Besar trail ends at a cliff top with views of the beach below. 
7. Lintang 8. Tajor
The Lintang loop trail is a very popular trek as it passes through nearly all of the vegetation types found at Bako. The whole trek takes between 3 and 4 hours, so it is probably the best choice if you can only visit for a day. The section between the Ulu Assam and Serait junctions is another good spot for seeing proboscis monkeys. The Bukit Tambi viewpoint is a short detour off the main trail and overlooks the western part of the park.

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The Tajor trail passes scrub and padang vegetation and ends with a steep climb down to a small beach. Take a hat as the sun can be quite fierce on the exposed sections of the trail. The trail also passes the Tajor Waterfall, a popular resting spot. The waterfall is quite small (and best after heavy rain) but it has a beautiful jungle setting and a small dip pool. From the park HQ it takes about two and half hours to reach the waterfall. Watch out for slippery rocks along the Tajor stream.
9. Tanjung Rhu 10. Ulu Serait
This trail branches off the Tajor trail and leads across open country to the rocky Rhu peninsula and a small headland where you can see wave-cut platforms and rock pools. From the park HQ, it takes about two and half hours, or 45 minutes from the Tajor junction.

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This trail connects the Lintang trail with the Bukit Gondol hill walk. It is deep inside the park and passes through scrub, padang vegetation and swamp forest. From the Lintang junction to the base of Bukit Gondol is about one and a half hours.
11. Bukit Gondol 12. Paya Jelutong
This semi-circular loop trail passes over Bukit Gondol, the highest point in Bako at 260 metres. From the top of the hill there are excellent views of Pulau Lakei and the Muara Tebas areas. The loop trek takes about 45 minutes.


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This trail is actually a short cut for those who do not wish to climb Bukit Gondol. Although it is a very short trail it offers the opportunity of seeing fresh water swamp forest in unique setting that is extremely high above the sea level. The most dominant species in the area is Jelutong, a softwood species used for making pencils and the latex for chewing gum.
13. Bukit Keruing 14. Telok Sibur
This trail connects Bukit Gondol with Tajor and passes some mighty rainforest giants. It passes along the slopes of Bukit Keruing, the second highest point in Bako. From Paya Jelutong to the Tajor waterfall takes about one and half hours.



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A full day trek. From the park HQ it takes about three and half hours to reach the end of Telok Sibur trail, first following the Tajor trail to the waterfall. Continue along the main trail for another 45 minutes until you reach a junction and the start of the Sibur trail. After a very steep 45 minute descent, a walk through the mangroves and a wade across a the Sibur river you finally reach the longest beach in Bako.
15. Telok Limau 16. Telok Kruin
This is Bako’s long distance trail, six or seven hours from the park HQ to the small beach at Telok Limau. You pass through rich rainforest, scrub land and swamp forest, cross small streams and climb a number of hilly sections affording excellent views of the whole Muara Tebas peninsula. You can camp at Telok Limau and return the next day or arrange for a boat to pick you up, or the trip can be made vice-versa; using a boat to Telok Limau and then trekking back to the park HQ. Only physically fit, experienced trekkers should attempt this trail, and must inform the park management before leaving.






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Being so far from the park HQ, the Telok Keruin trail is rarely used. It is usually done as a side trek from Telok Limau. From Telok Limau, the first section is a 15-20 minute climb through the forest until you reach a scrub section. You must then trek for another 25 minutes before you reach the Telok Keruin trail. Shortly after the junction the trail descends to an area of scrub vegetation. Look out for pitcher plants that line the side of the trail. There are four short side-trails which lead to the Bukit Kruin lookout, a small rock pool, the Muara Tebas lookout point, and the Tanjung Keruin and Tanjung Po viewpoints. The last section of the trail is a very steep descent to a mangrove forest. The trail then continues through the mangroves. Look out for the marks on the trees that show the way to the deserted beach - one of the best in the park.
17. Pulau Lakei (Lakei Island) and the Pa’ Amit 
     Trail
  
This small island at the northeastern tip of the Bako Peninsuala has a delightful white sand beach and crystal clear waters for swimming. At the highest point on the island, at the top of a 160-step wooden ladder, is the grave of a legendary Malay warrior. Datuk Ibrahim was an early resident of the island, and believed to be so strong that he could engrave Islamic ‘khats’ (religious calligraphy) on rocks with his bare fingers, such as those found at the Salamun Pool on the island. The pool is popular with local visitors, some of whom believe that the water in the pool has spiritual and curative powers. The grave also attracts devotees seeking to have wishes granted or to see into the future. The Pa’ Amit Trail, the only trail on the island, leads to two viewpoints that offer excellent photo-opportunities when as the sun sets over Mount Santubong. Accommodation is available on the island but space is limited. 


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Taman Negara

Taman Negara Malaysia

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Lompat ke: pandu arah, cari
Taman Nasional Taman Negara
IUCN Kategori II (Taman Negara)
Lokasi Malaysia
Bandar terdekat Kuala Tembeling
Kawasan 4,343 km²
Ditubuhkan 1938/1939
Badan pentadbir Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara
Taman Negara Malaysia dibuka pada 1938/1939 sebagai Taman Negara King George V. Ia kemudian dinamakan sebagai Taman Negara selepas kemerdekaan. Keluasan kawasan Taman Negara ialah 4,343 km².
Taman Negara terletak di antara sempadan 3 negeri iaitu Pahang, Terengganu, dan Kelantan, yang mana masing-masing memiliki kawasan milik sendiri. Enakmen Taman Negara (Pahang) No.2 pada 1939 dibuat untuk Pahang, Enakmen Taman Negara (Kelantan) No.14 pada 1938 untuk Kelantan, dan Enakmen Taman Negara (Terengganu) No.6 pada 1939 untuk Pahang. Semua enakmen memiliki persamaan kandungan.
Taman Negara Pahang merupakan yang terbesar dengan keluasan 2,477 km², diikuti oleh Taman Negara Kelantan seluas 1,043 km², dan Taman Negara Terengganu seluas 853 km².
Taman ini menjadi sebuah destinasi eko-pelancongan terkenal di Malaysia. Terdapat banyak daya tarikan dari segi geologikal dan biologikal di taman ini. Gunung Tahan merupakan titik tertinggi di Semenanjung Malaysia terletak di Taman Negara, pendaki boleh menggunakan Kuala Tahan atau Merapoh sebagai titik permulaan ekspedisi pendakian itu. Taman Negara mempunyai banyak haiwan mamalia yang jarang ditemui dan semakin pupus seperti harimau, tenuk, gajah, rusa, babi hutan, pelanduk, dan seladang. Sungai Tahan menjadi kawasan habitat kepada Ikan Kelah, sejenis ikan pertandingan.
Daya tarikan lain boleh ditemui di Kuala Tahan (tempat utama Taman Negara di Pahang) termasuk laluan kanopi, Gua Telinga, dan Lata Berkoh. Pengunjung dapat menikmati keindahan hutan hujan tropika, kicauan burung, ataupun merentas hutan (contoh: Tenor Rintis) dan pemandangan sungai ketika melalui Sungai Tahan.
Semua pengunjung mesti mendapatkan kebenaran/permit daripada Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara sebelum menjejakkan kaki ke Taman Negara. Terdapat banyak hostel dan hotel di taman ini.
Pelancong ke Taman Negara juga boleh memilih untuk menyertai aktiviti memancing terutamanya di Lata Berkoh dan Sungai Kenyam. Terdapat 300 spesies ikan terutamanya dari keluarga kap seperti ikan kelisa, ikan kelah, dan lain-lain lagi banyak terdapat di sungai-sungai di Taman Negara. Pelancong juga boleh menyewa bot untuk aktiviti memancing dan sukan air.

Pelancongan


Pintu masuk ke Taman Negara Malaysia di Kuala Tahan

Titian kanopi
Taman Negara adalah Kawasan Perlindungan rasmi yang pertama dan tertua di negara ini dan pada waktu dahulu dikenali sebagai King George V National Park.
Taman negara ini yang diisytiharkan secara rasminya oleh Sultan Kelantan, Pahang dan Terengganu (sewaktu sambutan Jubli Perak King George) diwartakan bagi memelihara alam semulajadi kawasan ini. Taman ini dinamakan Taman Negara setelah negara mencapai kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1957.
Aktiviti paling popular di Taman Negara ialah bersampan di sungai dan meneroka laluan trek hutan. Laluan Kanopi yang tedapat di sini juga sungguh menarik bagi memberikan pelawat pemandangan jarak dekat aktiviti haiwan dan tumbuhan di bahagian kanopi hutan yang tinggi.
Pondok pemerhatian juga disediakan bagi keselesaan pelawat untuk memerhati hidupan liar di sini. Pondok kecil yang dibina tinggi dari atas tanah membolehkan pelawat bermalam bagi memerhati hidupan liar di dalam habitat semulajadinya. Pelawat juga boleh meneroka gua sama ada menggunakan bot atau pun berjalan kaki.
Taman Negara adalah sebuah hutan hujan yang tertua di dunia yang dianggarkan berusia 130 juta tahun. Kekayaan dan kepelbagaian hidupan semulajadi di sini sangat menakjubkan dan menjadikannya salah satu eko-sistem yang paling rumit dan kaya di dunia.

Tips

Gunakan pakaian yang nipis dan longgar; kemeja-t lengan panjang yang selesa dan seluar panjang untuk perlindungan dari serangga dan luka cakaran. Pada masa-masa tertentu, keadaan di dalam hutan ini boleh menjadi sejuk. Bawa bersama jaket kalis air untuk keselesaan anda. Ketika meneroka hutan, pilih laluan trek yang boleh anda sempurnakan sebelum matahari terbenam dan pastikan anda memberitahu rancangan anda untuk meneroka kepada orang lain agar mereka boleh menjangka bila anda akan pulang dari penerokaan anda. Anda disarankan supaya tidak melencong dari laluan yang telah ditandakan di dalam hutan ini.

Pengangkutan

Keretapi Pintu masuk ke Taman Negara iaitu Kuala Tembeling yang dihubungkan dengan Kuala Lumpur, Singapura dan Kota Bharu (melalui Tumpat) oleh laluan keretapi. Keretapi dari stesen-stesen tersebut berhenti di Tembeling Halt, kira-kira setengah jam perjalanan dari jeti Kuala Tembeling dengan menaiki kereta.
Bot Pintu masuk utama untuk ke Taman Negara ialah menerusi Kuala Tembeling di mana pelawat boleh menaiki sampan yang bertolak pada pukul 9.00 pagi dan 3 petang setiap hari (kecuali hari Jumaat apabila bot bertolak pada pukul 2.30 petang), dalam perjalanan yang memakan masa selama 3 jam menuju ke Kuala Tahan. Mutiara Taman Negara Resort juga menyediakan perkhidmatan bot laju yang cuma mengambil masa selama 45 minit untuk sampai ke Kuala Tahan. Bot laju ini bertolak dari Kuala Tembeling pada pukul 10.30 pagi dan 1.30 petang setiap hari. Cara termudah untuk ke Taman Negara ialah sama ada melalui Jerantut di dalam perjalanan darat yang mengambil masa selama 3 jam dari Kuala Lumpur. Jika anda memandu kenderaan pacuan empat roda, anda boleh menggunakan jalan pembalakan hingga ke Kuala Tahan di mana anda perlu menaiki bot merentas Sungai Tahan untuk memasuki Taman Negara.
Bas atau Teksi Perkhidmatan teksi ke Jerantut boleh didapati dari Stesen Bas Puduraya di Kuala Lumpur. Anda juga boleh menaiki bas ke Jerantut yang boleh didapati di Stesen Bas Jalan Tun Razak di Kuala Lumpur. Dari Jerantut, anda boleh menaiki bas tempatan atau teksi untuk ke Kuala Tembeling.

Jumaat, 26 Julai 2013

Tentang Hutan DI Seluruh Dunia

HUTAN YANG TERBESAR DI DUNIA


Top 10 Negara dengan Hutan Terbesar

Hutan adalah kawasan atau wilayah yang ditumbuhi atau tertutup oleh pepohonan dan tumbuhan lainnya. Hutan adalah penyuplai utama oksigen dan paru-paru dunia. Hutan juga merupakan sumber keanekaragaman hayati dan sumber daya alam (kayu, energi, sumber daya mineral). Berikut ini adalah Top 10 negara dengan hutan terbesar dunia.
hutan sebagai paru-paru dunia

10. Negara : India

Luas area : 677,598 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 21,17%
India merupakan negara dengan hutan terbesar kesepuluh dunia. Wilayah India pernah tertutup hutan lebat. Hutan India merupakan rumah dari spesies burung yang terancam punah dan satwa liar lainnya. Ancaman deforestasi juga mengintai hutan India, produk kayu bakar dan hutan sebagai sumber energi primer adalah penyebab utama berkurangnya wilayah hutan di India.

9. Negara : Peru

Luas area : 685,536 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 53,34%
Peru adalah negara dengan hutan terbesar kesembilan dunia. Setengah dari wilayah negara Peru juga tertutup oleh hutan hujan Amazon. Karena wilayah Peru yang terletak di Amerika Selatan dan berbatasan dengan Brazil yang memiliki 60% wilayah Amazon.

8. Negara : Indonesia

Luas area : 847,522 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 45,56%
Indonesia negara kedelapan dengan hutan terbesar dunia. Indonesia merupakan rumah hutan hujan terluas di kawasan Asia. Hutan Indonesia merupakan rumah dari hampir 30 ribu spesies tumbuhan. Hutan Indonesia yang juga diandalkan sebagai paru-paru dunia akhir-akhir ini mengalami deforestasi yang sangat menyedihkan. Hutan Indonesia khususnya di Kalimantan pada tahun 2010 hanya tinggal 44.4% dan diperkirakan tahun 2020 semakin berkurang dan tinggal 32.6%.
Hutan di Indonesia

7. Negara : Republik Demokratik Congo

Luas area : 1,329,707 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 56,71%
Republik Demokratik Congo memiliki hutan terbesar ketujuh dunia. Namun sayang konflik kerap terjadi di negara ini. Perang bersaudara yang berkepanjangan sangat mengganggu pertumbuhan perekonomian Congo, yang berdampak pada deforestasi hutan Kongo demi kepentingan perut semata. Penebangan komersial, pembukaan lahan untuk pertanian subsisten, dan perselisihan antar warga telah menghancurkan luas hutan, penduduk hutan terlantar, dan mengakibatkan perluasan perdagangan hewan liar.

6. Negara : Australia

Luas area : 1,632,912 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 21,23%
Sebagai negara terluas keenam dunia, Australia juga memiliki hutan terbesar keenam dunia. Australia memiliki banyak hutan yang penting mulai dari hutan tropis hingga mangrove, semua memiliki peran yang penting bagi Australia pada khususnya dan dunia pada umumnya.

5. Negara : China

Luas area : 2,054,056 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 21,40%
Cina merupakan negara terluas keempat dunia dan memiliki hutan terbesar kelima dunia. Cina memiliki hutan hujan tropis yang luas di selatan Yunnan, namun sangat disayangkan keberadaan hutan tersebut menurun sebanyak 67% dalam 30 tahun terakhir.

4. Negara : Amerika Serikat

Luas area : 3,034,070 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 31,51%
Amerika sebagai negara terluas ketiga di dunia, Amerika memiliki hutan terbesar keempat di dunia. Amerika termasuk negara yang concern dalam menjaga hutannya. Sebuah lembaga nirlaba konservasi dibentuk untuk melindungi dan memulihkan hutan di Amerika.
Hutan di Amerika

3. Negara : Kanada

Luas area : 3,101,340 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 31,06%
Sebagai negara terluas di dunia kedua, Kanada merupakan negara dengan hutan terbesar ketiga di dunia. Kanada memiliki hutan boreal (taiga) yang sangat luas yang merupakan aspek yang sangat penting bagi negara Kanada yaitu merupakan ikon dalam sejarah Kanada, perekonomian Kanada termasuk seni dan kehidupan sosial.

2. Negara : Brazil

Luas area : 4,714,920 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 55,37%
Brazil memiliki hutan terbesar kedua di dunia, kita mengenal hutan hujan Amazon. Amazon menutupi hampir 9 negara termasuk Brazil dengan peresentase 60%.
Amazon, Brazil

1. Negara : Russia

Luas area : 8,085,986 km2
Persentase dari total wilayah negara : 47,35%
Sebagai negara terluas dunia, Rusia juga merupakan negara dengan hutan terbesar di dunia dengan luas lebih dari 8 juta km2 atau 22% dari hutan di dunia. Hutan di Rusia banyak terdapat hutan tua yang merupakan warisan alam dan menjadi wadah utama dari keanekaragaman hayati.
Hutan di Russia

Tentang Hutan Hujan Tropika

Hutan Hujan Tropika


Hutan Hujan Tropika adalah hutan yang paling luas dan terpenting di Malaysia. Hutan ini meliputi kira-kira 70% daripada jumlah kawasan hutan di Malaysia. Kira-kira 46% daripada keluasan hutan ini terdapat di negeri Sarawak, 31 % di Semenanjung Malaysia dan 23% di negeri Sabah.

Hutan-hutan Di Malaysia

Hutan ini tumbuh di kawasan kurang daripada 1200 meter. Hutan ini terdapat di kaki bukit atau cerun gunung di bahagian tengah Semenanjung Malaysia dan bahagian pendalaman Sabah dan Sarawak. Hutan ini juga dikenali sebagai Hutan Dipterokarp Tanah Pamah.


Epifit: Paku Tanduk Rusa
Ciri-cir: Berakar banir













Ciri-ciri Hutan Hujan Tropika:

  • Malar Hijau - pokok-pokok tidak menggugurkan semua daun pada masa yang sama;
  • tumbuhan rapat-rapat dan tebal;
  • menjadi habitat bagi hampir dua pertiga daripada jumlah spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan di bumi;
  • bercampur aduk - terdapat pelbagai spesies pokok yang tumbuh dalam satu kawasan;
  • berakar banir, tumbuh berlapis-lapis dan mempunyai batang yang lurus dan tinggi;
  • terdapat pelbagai jenis kayu keras yang bernilai dan bermutu tinggi seperti meranti, cengal, keruing, merbau, balau, seraya dan kapur; 
  • terdapat empat lapisan yang nyata iaitu lapisan emergen, kanopi, tengah dan bawah.

Lapisan Pokok Dalam Hutan Hujan Tropika
Terdapat pelbagai jenis hidupan liar yang hidup didalam Hutan Hujan Tropika mengikut lapisan ketinggian hutan tersebut:

Hidupan Liar Mengikut Lapisan Ketinggian Di Dalam Hutan Hujan Tropika

SABAH NATIONAL PARK (KINABALU)

Kinabalu National Park

Kinabalu National Park, about 90 kilometres from Kota Kinabalu, is one of the world's most significant natural environments.
The park is home to thousands of types of flora and fauna that are native to the area, and several hundred that are found only in the park.
As such, Kinabalu National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2000, the first in Malaysia. While its tourist trails are well-worn, the majority of the park is an unspoilt paradise for rare flora and fauna.
For those who aren't keen on testing themselves on Mt Kinabalu's slopes, there is still much to enjoy from a visit to the park.
The presence of Mt Kinabalu, the highest mountain in South-East Asia, is one of the contributing factors to the wide variety of animal, bird, insect and plant life found in the park.
orchid.jpg
The stunning blooms of orchids
from Kinabalu National Park.
The terrain ranges from lush, green rainforest at the park's lowest altitudes, while further up the mountain, rhodendron and coniferous forest is prevalent. At the highest altitudes, stunted plant growth and small marsupials survive in a harsh environment.
Orchids and carnivorous pitcher plants are among the park's most famous plants, although they are rare along the park's most worn tourist trails. However, they are all on display in a botanical walk near park headquarters, where visitors can view some of the area's most beautiful flora.
The most famous of the pitcher plants endemic to Kinabalu National Park is Nepenthes raja, a giant pitcher plant whose bell can hold more than three litres of water. There are a number of other species of pitcher plants in the park, and these can be seen just off some of the tracks in the park.
pitcherplant.jpg
One of the many varieties of
pitcher plant in the park.
Kinabalu National Park is also home to the world's largest flower, the Rafflesia, which blooms exceptionally rarely and then only for a matter of days.
Unlike most of its floral brethren, the Rafflesia emits a foul smell, reminiscent of rotting meat. The stench attracts flies and insects, which the plant then feasts upon.
With a diameter of up to one metres and a potential weight of 10 kilograms, the blooming of the Rafflesia is an event keenly awaited by botanists around the world.

Gunung Mulu National Park

Gunung Mulu National Park

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Coordinates: 4.132°N 114.919°E
Gunung Mulu National Park
Protected Area
Mulu.JPG
Mount Mulu viewed from a distance
Country Malaysia
State Sarawak

Highest point
 - location Mount Mulu

Area 528.64 km2 (204 sq mi)

Geology Extensive caves including the
world's largest cave chamber
Plant Nepenthes pitcher plants,
Strangler figs
Animal Gibbons, Orangutans,
Rhinoceros Hornbill,
Sumatran Rhinoceros,
Sun Bear

Founded 1974
Management Sarawak Forestry

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Name Gunung Mulu National Park
Year 2000 (#24)
Number 1013
Region Asia-Pacific
Criteria vii, viii, ix, x

Gunung Mulu National Park near Miri, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that encompasses caves and karst formations in a mountainous equatorial rainforest setting. The park is famous for its caves and the expeditions that have been mounted to explore them and their surrounding rainforest, most notably the Royal Geographical Society Expedition of 1977–1978, which saw over 100 scientists in the field for 15 months. This initiated a series of over 20 expeditions now drawn together as the Mulu Caves Project
The national park is named after Mount Mulu, the second highest mountain in Sarawak.

Geology and landforms

Gunung Mulu National Park is famous for its limestone karst formations. Features include enormous caves, vast cave networks, rock pinnacles, cliffs and gorges. Mount Mulu is a sandstone mountain rising to 2,376 m (7,795 ft).
Gunung Mulu National Park has the largest known natural chamber or room - Sarawak Chamber, found in Gua Nasib Bagus. It is 2,300 feet (700 m) long, 1,300 feet (396 m) wide and at least 230 feet (70 m) high. It has been said that the chamber is so big that it could accommodate about 40 Boeing 747s, without overlapping their wings. The nearby Deer Cave was, for many years, considered the largest single cave passage in the world.
The limestone pinnacles of Mount Api
Api Chamber in Whiterock Cave, Mount Api
Other notable caves in this area are Benarat Cavern, Wind Cave, and Clearwater Cave; which contains parts one of the world's largest underground river systems and is believed to be the largest cave in the world by volume at 30,347,540 m³.
Mulu's limestones belong to the Melinau Formation and their age is between 17 and 40 million years (Late Eocene to Early Miocene).
Stratigraphically below the limestones, and forming the highest peaks in the south east sector of the Park including Gunung Mulu, lies the Mulu Formation (shales and sandstones). The age of these rocks is between 40 and 90 million years (Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene).

Fauna

Eight species of hornbill have been spotted in Mulu including the Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros which features on Sarawak state emblem, the White-crowned Hornbill Berenicornis/Aceros comatus and the Helmeted Hornbill Buceros vigil with its large solid casque (bill).
Twenty seven species of bat have been recorded in Mulu. Deer Cave in the southern limestone hills of the park is home to an enormous colony of Wrinkle-lipped bats (Tadarida plicata). The bats exit the cave almost every evening in search of food in a spectacular exodus. A huge mound of guano in the cave is evidence of the size of the bat colony that roosts in the cave's high ceilings.
Mulu's mammals also include the Bearded pig Sus barbatus, the moonrat Echinosorex gymnurus, shrews, the Bornean Tarsier Tarsius bancanus, the long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis, gibbons, squirrels, and three types of deer including the small barking deer and mouse deer. The small Malaysian sun bear Helarctos malayanus, which is the only bear known in South-East Asia, has also been identified in Gunung Mulu National Park.

Flora

An upper pitcher of Nepenthes faizaliana from Mount Api. This species is endemic to Gunung Mulu National Park.
Gunung Mulu National Park contains a large number of plant species, including flowering plants, trees, and fungi. Geology, soil types and topography have given rise to a rich tapestry of plant zones and types. On Gunung Mulu itself these include lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, lower montane forest, mossy or upper montane forest and summit zone vegetation on the highest peaks. On the limestones there is lowland limestone forest as well as lower and upper montane limestone forest. Other plant communities dominate the alluvial plains, including kerangas (tropical heath forest) and peatswamp forest.

Access

Mulu National Park is a very remote access area; the only practical way of getting to and from it is by air, through Mulu Airport. There are flights between Mulu Airport and Miri (daily), Kuching (Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays) and Kota Kinabalu (Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays) on MASwings.[1] Alternatively, it is possible to travel by river from Miri, which is about 100 km away, using a riverboat, then a chartered long boat, which in total takes around 12 hours. Before the opening of the airport and the opening of a helipad in 1991, this was the only way to reach the national park.
Excursions to Mulu continues to retain the sense of adventure associated with its original exploration through the provision of adventure caving and other adventure activities. The primary focus, however, has shifted to the promotion of an awareness of the significance of the park and its environment through the provision of ecotourism activities that foster understanding and appreciation of the parks values. Accommodation is available onsite at Gunung Mulu National Park headquarters, as well as at the Royal Mulu Resort and across the Melinau River at Benarat Inn also known as Benarat Lodge. Homestays offered by locals, and other typically cheaper lodging are available across the river.

See also

References

  • Hans P. Hazebroek and Abang Kashim bin Abang Morshidi National Parks of Sarawak, 2000, Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, ISBN 983-812-032-4
  • David W Gill. "The Gunung Mulu National Park Nomination for World Natural Heritage Listing. Sarawak, Malaysia". 1999. Sarawak Forest Department.

External links

Antara Jenis-jenis Hutan yang Terdapat Di Malaysia

                                 ANTARA JENIS-JENIS HUTAN DI MALAYSIA.


 Malaysia antara negara yang mempunyai HUTAN HUJAN TROPIKA. Kebanyakkan hutan hujan tropika di Malaysia telah berusia beratus tahun malah ada yang berusia beribu tahun. Hal ini telah menjadi tarikan pelancong dari dalam mahupun luar negara, keindahan hutan hujan tropika di Malaysia telah memukau para pelancong yang telah pergi ke hutan tersebut.
 Sarawak dan Sabah antara negeri yang mempunyai Hutan Hujan Tropika yang paling besar dan banyak yang menjadi kegilaan para pelancong untuk pergi berkunjung ke hutan tersebut. Kebanyakkan hutan yang terdapat di Malaysia telah diperlihara oleh Kementerian Alam Sekitar dan hutan tersebut dikenali sebagai Taman Negara dan Hutan Simpan. Selain hutan hujan tropika, Malaysia juga mempunyai Hutan Paya, Hutan kawasan tinggi.


ANTARA HUTAN YANG TERDAPAT DI MALAYSIA
  1. HUTAN PAYA
  2. HUTAN KAWASANTINGGI
  3. HUTAN HUJAN TROPIKA.   


CONTOH NAMA HUTAN YANG DIKENALI SEBAGAI TAMAN NEGARA       
       
Semenanjung Malaysia

Johor

Pulau Pinang

Perlis

Selangor

Sarawak

Sabah



GAMBAR HUTAN HUJAN TROPIKA:
 

GAMBAR HUTAN PAYA: